Published evidence behind the market and technology

SAE International
April 14, 2008 · DOI: 10.4271/2008-01-1027

Ammonia Storage and Delivery Systems for Automotive NOx Aftertreatment

Describes solid-ammonia storage and controlled gaseous-ammonia delivery for selective catalytic reduction of diesel nitrogen-oxide emissions.

Documents the industrial origins of the storage-and-delivery approach. Stationary power is a new application with different operating requirements.

Journal of Materials Chemistry · Royal Society of Chemistry
2008 · DOI: 10.1039/B720020J

Ammonia for hydrogen storage: challenges and opportunities

Reviews ammonia as a hydrogen carrier, including storage in metal-ammine salts and challenges in handling and conversion.

Scientific context for solid-ammonia storage. It does not validate QEYS Reserve's design, safety case, or power output.

Journal of Materials Chemistry A · Royal Society of Chemistry
2021 · DOI: 10.1039/D0TA08810B

Recent progress in ammonia fuel cells and their potential applications

Surveys ammonia fuel-cell pathways and their technical challenges.

Informs the conversion options under consideration; the final QEYS converter will depend on measured integration performance and partner qualification.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
June 18, 2026

United States Data Center Energy Usage Report: 2025 Update

Estimates 192 TWh of U.S. data-center electricity use in 2024 and projects 649 TWh in the 2030 reference case, with a 521–843 TWh scenario range.

Establishes the scale of the demand challenge. It is a forecast, not committed load or a QEYS market-size estimate.

International Energy Agency
Energy and AI · 2025

Energy demand from AI

Explains the processors, networking, storage, cooling and power infrastructure behind data centers. Data centers can be built in two to three years, while energy infrastructure can require longer planning and construction.

Provides context for the timing mismatch between computing expansion and electricity infrastructure.

Duke University · Nicholas Institute
February 2025

Rethinking Load Growth

Models 98 GW of additional load within existing system peaks if 0.5% of the added load's potential annual energy is curtailed.

Supports investigating flexible grid demand. Local network limits, operating constraints, and utility agreements determine whether it works at a particular site.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
December 18, 2025

Rules for large loads co-located with generation in PJM

Describes FERC's direction to PJM to establish transparent service rules for large loads co-located with generating facilities.

Existing-plant access remains subject to grid-service arrangements and site availability; co-location is not a universal bypass of interconnection obligations.

Amogy & 2G Energy
August 3, 2026

Integrated ammonia-to-power generation with natural-gas capability

The companies report integrated testing of an ammonia reformer supplying hydrogen-rich fuel to a 2G engine, with natural gas as another fuel pathway.

A relevant industry demonstration, not a QEYS test or partnership. It supports investigating a compatible engine pathway rather than assuming every gas engine can accept a new fuel.

U.S. Department of Energy
CHP technology reference

Combined Heat and Power Basics

Describes recovering useful heat from on-site generation, including engine and turbine systems.

Supports evaluating available engine heat as an integration opportunity. Suitability for QEYS requires a measured heat balance and a startup plan independent of the gas supply.

Form Energy
Reviewed October 28, 2026

Iron-air battery technology

Form describes an iron-air storage system with up to 100 hours of discharge duration.

A real multi-day alternative. The relevant comparison includes recharge availability, footprint, efficiency, cost, and duty cycle; batteries are not limited universally to a few hours.

NREL · Annual Technology Baseline
2024 ATB

Utility-scale battery storage

Models utility-scale battery storage, including a four-hour reference system.

A reference configuration is not a physical duration limit. Additional battery capacity can extend runtime at additional cost and footprint.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Reviewed October 28, 2026

Advanced reactor development and licensing

Tracks advanced reactor designs and licensing activity.

A potential source of firm low-carbon power. Availability is specific to each project's licensing, construction, fuel, and commercial schedule.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Includes 2026 updates

Clean Air Act resources for data centers

Collects permitting guidance and operating rules for data-center generation, including emergency-engine provisions.

Prime power and emergency backup have different obligations. A blanket 50-hour cap on all diesel use would be inaccurate; the rule, duty, permit, and applicable exceptions matter.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
May 1, 2025

Clarification on emergency engines and grid-reliability programs

Explains that certain qualifying engines may supply reliability support under a financial arrangement for up to 50 non-emergency hours.

Some reliability programs qualify for specific exceptions. Do not assume that all compensated dispatch is prohibited or that all backup engines qualify.